RPCEdge transaction landing benchmark

leader-paced-2026-07-03T063147.846Z

Leader-paced mainnet transactions submitted through rpcedge-quic-frankfurt. Landing proof is matched by transaction signature. The primary latency clock is the earliest observed stream event; processed metadata is used for block position.

artifact leader-paced-2026-07-03T063147.846Zgenerated 2026-07-03T08:16:06.374ZPolicy comparison Tail events Unobserved

Observed caller signatures2196 / 219799.95% matched

First-observed p50108.397rpcedge_deshred

First-observed p90224.971tail-weighted landing clock

First-observed p99436.051tail inspection starts here

Unobserved signatures1submitted but not found in landing streams

Same-slot observed2153 / 98.7%landed in sender-observed slot

Landed slot delta p900landed slot minus send slot

Avg landed spend5652.711base + priority + observed route tip

Route-tip sigs observed537only observed tips count as spend

Methodology

What was sentMemo-free self-transfer with compute budget instructions. Fees and route tips are read from signed transaction metadata and observed route-tip signatures.

Landing clockLatency uses the first matched observation across configured streams. Usually this is SubscribeDeshred; processed is used when it is first or only.

Block positionTransaction index comes from Yellowstone processed metadata, because deshred observations normally do not carry canonical block index.

What ACK meansACK is retained only as a sender diagnostic. It is not leader admission, not landing proof, and not used as the product latency claim.

Generated only from local benchmark artifacts. Leader metadata comes from saved getLeaderSlots snapshots captured during the run; no ClickHouse or private database join is required.

Cost Summary

Base and priority fees come from the signed caller transaction. Route-tip generated spend comes from route-result ACKs. Route-tip landed spend counts only route-tip signatures observed by the matched streams.

Submitted txs	Avg base fee	Avg priority fee	Avg tx fee	Avg route tip generated	Avg route tip landed	Avg total generated	Avg total landed	Generated tip txs	Landed tip txs
2197	5000.000	198.000	5198.000	8997.724	454.711	14195.724	5652.711	19768	999

Landing Observations

Landing latency uses the earliest observation per transaction across configured streams. Processed metadata is not forced to be the timing source; it is used for transaction index when available.

First source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms	same-slot	slot delta p50	slot delta p90	slot index p50
`rpcedge_deshred`	2181	108.397	224.971	436.051	3433.314	2153 / 98.7%	0	0	-
`rpcedge_processed`	15	208.294	260.974	574.734	574.734	14 / 93.3%	0	0	559

Unobserved Signatures

Submitted caller signatures that were not observed by the configured landing streams during the collection window. This is the investigation bucket for probable drops, very late landings beyond the observation tail, or observation-path misses. Full signatures and route ACKs live in the unobserved artifact.

Signature	Arm	Routes	Send slot	Send leader	Send client	Provider ACK	Route ACKs	Total generated spend
`2JKZEE9Q...GZBNXjV1`	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430475052	yJeahQNRHNWtL9Z1SqPX3SBwTYXr5ECMYYVK4uYVwxt (London)	JitoLabs	1/1 accepted (220.204ms)	`tpu_quic:ok:23us \| jito_bundle:ok:813us \| jito_bundle:ok:6446us \| jito_bundle:ok:19343us \| jito_bundle:ok:852us \| jito_bundle:ok:11770us \| jito_bundle:ok:75840us \| jito_bundle:ok:118034us \| jito_bundle:ok:149044us \| jito_bundle:ok:219257us \| harmonic_bundle:ok:6234us \| harmonic_bundle:ok:75856us \| harmonic_bundle:ok:428us \| harmonic_bundle:ok:11585us \| harmonic_bundle:ok:149222us \| harmonic_bundle:ok:213822us`	14198

Leader Cohorts

Cohorts are grouped by the scheduled/landed leader metadata captured from getLeaderSlots. They are useful for tail hunting, not as final claims from a 5-minute smoke.

`leader_region`

Value	Source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`Europe`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1293	87.923	191.926	373.575	3433.314
`AsiaPacific`	`rpcedge_deshred`	246	223.772	334.266	542.508	700.712
`Unknown`	`rpcedge_deshred`	224	115.683	189.689	309.002	1570.537
`UsEast`	`rpcedge_deshred`	193	156.388	204.858	1457.193	1532.772
`UsCentral`	`rpcedge_deshred`	139	106.477	208.033	289.983	1533.465
`UsWest`	`rpcedge_deshred`	85	164.312	183.531	552.094	552.094
`Europe`	`rpcedge_processed`	12	208.294	213.399	215.194	215.194
`AsiaPacific`	`rpcedge_processed`	1	167.096	167.096	167.096	167.096
`UsCentral`	`rpcedge_processed`	1	574.734	574.734	574.734	574.734
`UsEast`	`rpcedge_processed`	1	260.974	260.974	260.974	260.974
`unknown`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1	201.153	201.153	201.153	201.153

`leader_city`

Value	Source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`Frankfurt am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	459	87.305	169.173	373.575	2093.311
`Amsterdam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	387	88.821	141.681	428.250	542.848
`Vilnius`	`rpcedge_deshred`	116	68.998	116.660	159.456	184.518
`Tokyo`	`rpcedge_deshred`	111	231.980	314.454	450.732	542.508
`Beauharnois`	`rpcedge_deshred`	108	121.810	157.309	222.048	256.255
`America/Chicago`	`rpcedge_deshred`	104	89.784	150.322	289.983	1533.465
`London`	`rpcedge_deshred`	75	214.442	225.369	3433.314	3433.314
`Ashburn`	`rpcedge_deshred`	72	128.200	193.143	258.424	258.424
`Singapore`	`rpcedge_deshred`	61	211.341	347.366	419.690	419.690
`Los Angeles`	`rpcedge_deshred`	54	162.256	196.921	552.094	552.094
`City of London`	`rpcedge_deshred`	48	101.686	130.769	329.664	329.664
`New York`	`rpcedge_deshred`	36	160.113	176.886	188.738	188.738
`Stockholm`	`rpcedge_deshred`	36	42.029	241.107	1570.537	1570.537
`Asia/Singapore`	`rpcedge_deshred`	33	171.519	223.702	312.163	312.163
`Chicago`	`rpcedge_deshred`	32	141.212	280.403	286.761	286.761
`Boardman`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	170.359	179.920	189.344	189.344
`Luxembourg`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	107.912	158.720	1495.249	1495.249
`Rödelheim`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	68.500	123.150	1498.504	1498.504
`Dublin`	`rpcedge_deshred`	30	103.190	133.869	148.647	148.647
`Fechenheim`	`rpcedge_deshred`	30	82.299	263.246	302.570	302.570
`Rüsselsheim am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	28	92.059	116.357	166.714	166.714
`Newark`	`rpcedge_deshred`	27	160.095	218.270	1532.772	1532.772
`Offenbach`	`rpcedge_deshred`	26	76.143	91.379	107.461	107.461
`Sterling`	`rpcedge_deshred`	15	166.715	188.239	221.382	221.382

`data_center_key`

Value	Source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`20326-DE-Frankfurt am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	231	89.441	212.024	400.531	2093.311
`20326-NL-Amsterdam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	225	83.740	111.378	173.115	479.544
`16276-CA-Beauharnois`	`rpcedge_deshred`	108	121.810	157.309	222.048	256.255
`20326-JP-Tokyo`	`rpcedge_deshred`	77	226.458	317.676	542.508	542.508
`16125-LT-Vilnius`	`rpcedge_deshred`	74	68.755	113.036	159.456	159.456
`14618-US-Ashburn`	`rpcedge_deshred`	67	126.357	195.227	258.424	258.424
`396356-DE-Frankfurt am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	66	77.881	150.760	479.094	479.094
`400963-GB-Europe/London`	`rpcedge_deshred`	63	215.398	225.369	236.585	236.585
`213896-DE-Frankfurt am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	62	87.999	144.697	338.187	338.187
`1072-US-America/Chicago`	`rpcedge_deshred`	51	106.477	150.322	289.983	289.983
`20326-US-America/Chicago`	`rpcedge_deshred`	45	57.477	94.003	1533.465	1533.465
`7979-NL-Europe/Amsterdam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	41	118.307	251.646	275.677	275.677
`16125-LT-Europe/Vilnius`	`rpcedge_deshred`	40	68.998	117.416	122.225	122.225
`9002-DE-Frankfurt am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	39	106.880	123.900	138.216	138.216
`214159-SE-Stockholm`	`rpcedge_deshred`	35	42.029	241.107	1570.537	1570.537
`396356-US-Los Angeles`	`rpcedge_deshred`	33	163.149	180.844	552.094	552.094
`60068-NL-Amsterdam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	33	100.539	135.134	143.147	143.147
`16509-US-Boardman`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	170.359	179.920	189.344	189.344
`20326-SG-Singapore`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	206.463	223.272	384.997	384.997
`395201-DE-Rödelheim`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	68.500	123.150	1498.504	1498.504
`7979-LU-Europe/Luxembourg`	`rpcedge_deshred`	31	107.912	158.720	1495.249	1495.249
`395201-DE-Fechenheim`	`rpcedge_deshred`	30	82.299	263.246	302.570	302.570
`20326-GB-City of London`	`rpcedge_deshred`	28	104.556	133.744	148.816	148.816
`395201-DE-Rüsselsheim am Main`	`rpcedge_deshred`	28	92.059	116.357	166.714	166.714

`client_family`

Value	Source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`bam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	700	100.336	223.827	286.761	3433.314
`harmonic`	`rpcedge_deshred`	515	109.785	260.172	542.848	2093.311
`jito`	`rpcedge_deshred`	461	82.299	236.088	552.094	1570.537
`rakurai`	`rpcedge_deshred`	222	111.525	154.301	260.103	1498.504
`frankendancer`	`rpcedge_deshred`	181	179.251	226.834	373.575	400.531
`agave`	`rpcedge_deshred`	54	162.568	181.160	270.674	270.674
`firedancer`	`rpcedge_deshred`	45	94.355	118.307	142.589	142.589
`bam`	`rpcedge_processed`	5	86.732	260.974	260.974	260.974
`frankendancer`	`rpcedge_processed`	5	213.353	215.194	215.194	215.194
`harmonic`	`rpcedge_processed`	4	208.294	574.734	574.734	574.734
`unknown`	`rpcedge_deshred`	3	201.153	260.631	260.631	260.631
`jito`	`rpcedge_processed`	1	92.149	92.149	92.149	92.149

`client_software`

Value	Source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`AgaveBam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	697	100.444	223.827	286.761	3433.314
`HarmonicAgave`	`rpcedge_deshred`	470	107.348	257.360	486.767	2093.311
`JitoLabs`	`rpcedge_deshred`	461	82.299	236.088	552.094	1570.537
`Rakurai`	`rpcedge_deshred`	222	111.525	154.301	260.103	1498.504
`Frankendancer`	`rpcedge_deshred`	181	179.251	226.834	373.575	400.531
`Agave`	`rpcedge_deshred`	54	162.568	181.160	270.674	270.674
`Firedancer`	`rpcedge_deshred`	45	94.355	118.307	142.589	142.589
`HarmonicFrankendancer`	`rpcedge_deshred`	44	170.993	320.657	1532.772	1532.772
`AgaveBam`	`rpcedge_processed`	5	86.732	260.974	260.974	260.974
`Frankendancer`	`rpcedge_processed`	5	213.353	215.194	215.194	215.194
`FireBam`	`rpcedge_deshred`	3	88.233	90.830	90.830	90.830
`HarmonicAgave`	`rpcedge_processed`	2	207.243	207.243	207.243	207.243
`HarmonicFrankendancer`	`rpcedge_processed`	2	574.734	574.734	574.734	574.734
`HarmonicFiredancer`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1	542.508	542.508	542.508	542.508
`JitoLabs`	`rpcedge_processed`	1	92.149	92.149	92.149	92.149
`Raiku`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1	30.724	30.724	30.724	30.724
`Unknown`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1	260.631	260.631	260.631	260.631
`unknown`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1	201.153	201.153	201.153	201.153

`stake_bucket`

Value	Source	Count	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`>=1m_sol`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1573	107.670	219.542	373.575	2093.311
`100k_500k_sol`	`rpcedge_deshred`	349	111.505	259.216	1457.193	3433.314
`500k_1m_sol`	`rpcedge_deshred`	204	110.424	239.438	384.997	662.290
`<100k_sol`	`rpcedge_deshred`	54	161.829	267.708	432.927	432.927
`>=1m_sol`	`rpcedge_processed`	9	211.888	215.194	215.194	215.194
`100k_500k_sol`	`rpcedge_processed`	3	260.974	574.734	574.734	574.734
`500k_1m_sol`	`rpcedge_processed`	3	34.144	208.294	208.294	208.294
`unknown`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1	201.153	201.153	201.153	201.153

Tail Events

Slowest first-observed caller transactions. Timing uses the first stream observation; transaction index uses processed metadata when available. Full signatures and CSV/JSON live in the tail artifact.

Signature	Source	Latency ms	Arm	Routes	Send slot	Send leader	Send client	Landed slot	Landed leader	Landed client	Tx index	Tx fee	Route tip gen	Route tip landed	Total landed
`22NH2N2D...3aaSarRb`	`rpcedge_deshred`	3433.314	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430473280	dcntruDNP5SEcGV4RxnsqXFURdDZGT3DTQv68Q8H7Vu (Tsuen Wan)	JitoLabs	430473288	CVvaeDPR2o7P1eawG5c9TPFLzSXAewwPovPmREaEL4Cm (London)	AgaveBam	784	5198	9000	1000	6198
`3yG8HZWW...nECVMbyG`	`rpcedge_deshred`	2093.311	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430468756	3tm92VTxwyZ5MDhGoYR4tVTkwWYkzfam6hwBjauUACCk (Minamishinagawa)	JitoLabs	430468760	EXckihF3qmguH5znjhfzLvHsbk2E3nEW2DqNh4MMnDMm (Frankfurt am Main)	HarmonicAgave	757	5198	9000	2000	7198
`5M9nHoLe...Y75xUZBX`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1570.537	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430475660	8nbE53mcKhy74HLiGZ1q5HRocwiCvgh49csSaHSdtukr (London)	JitoLabs	430475664	FbYX2uN573G5WsgiPdHU6fS5PNUyjdXfGfpZNkYUuT4k (Stockholm)	JitoLabs	587	5198	9000	2000	7198
`33e6njYs...NwUxc1Ua`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1533.465	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430468196	8nbE53mcKhy74HLiGZ1q5HRocwiCvgh49csSaHSdtukr (London)	JitoLabs	430468200	E1r4Psq84tHfQ6aPTvvDka4U3u8zPVD7gEUrH25RdxHL (America/Chicago)	JitoLabs	409	5198	9000	1000	6198
`2TRMLnFZ...5eQD9RmG`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1532.772	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430476776	FugJZepeGfh1Ruunhep19JC4F3Hr2FL3oKUMezoK8ajp (Newark)	HarmonicFrankendancer	430476779	FugJZepeGfh1Ruunhep19JC4F3Hr2FL3oKUMezoK8ajp (Newark)	HarmonicFrankendancer	89	5198	9000	1000	6198
`5PPXRJSz...RV682n9o`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1498.504	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430474280	chrtyETASKQhsndRM9pr6qC3gAHG5MuRwCgXSNVqnJL (Tsuen Wan)	JitoLabs	430474284	TopjgY7N1fJdnW89S9fX6t7LF61nspgXGL1NpgAKhDG (Rödelheim)	Rakurai	258	5198	9000	1000	6198
`67L67Kni...ZQiDx1s3`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1495.249	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430475388	CoG8d9Fp2TFJRkAmrPMiPsGhQWHzdTTVoegEp9svRgmJ (Singapore)	JitoLabs	430475392	5pPRHniefFjkiaArbGX3Y8NUysJmQ9tMZg3FrFGwHzSm (Luxembourg)	JitoLabs	538	5198	9000	1000	6198
`5T1hW4tN...CQFGXrLt`	`rpcedge_deshred`	1457.193	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430469456	FugJZepeGfh1Ruunhep19JC4F3Hr2FL3oKUMezoK8ajp (Newark)	HarmonicFrankendancer	430469459	FugJZepeGfh1Ruunhep19JC4F3Hr2FL3oKUMezoK8ajp (Newark)	HarmonicFrankendancer	84	5198	9000	1000	6198
`3LzTvmGQ...xgRYE6rA`	`rpcedge_deshred`	700.712	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430468752	8hAYbagNt7CMBooFfqVJhBgLqLffpjXTWJMk8yybjJsN (Asia/Hong_Kong)	HarmonicAgave	430468753	8hAYbagNt7CMBooFfqVJhBgLqLffpjXTWJMk8yybjJsN (Asia/Hong_Kong)	HarmonicAgave	933	5198	9000	0	5198
`3LyZBQWg...3XLfDgTC`	`rpcedge_deshred`	662.290	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430473396	Ha1iade1AH3B12K9SccfWoPdFtQKKQsj2ZyWwxcjqJJU (Asia/Tokyo)	HarmonicAgave	430473397	Ha1iade1AH3B12K9SccfWoPdFtQKKQsj2ZyWwxcjqJJU (Asia/Tokyo)	HarmonicAgave	203	5198	9000	2000	7198
`2xcJsrtS...89j8Kkux`	`rpcedge_deshred`	588.537	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430475288	8ZQg3K1V1Z2BVJkjmnxpi43WKhjPGXphzu5QmBkJibSP (São Paulo)	JitoLabs	430475289	8ZQg3K1V1Z2BVJkjmnxpi43WKhjPGXphzu5QmBkJibSP (São Paulo)	JitoLabs	90	5198	9000	0	5198
`nZDUEuZQ...iuG97h1J`	`rpcedge_processed`	574.734	`-`	`tpu_quic+jito_bundle+harmonic_bundle`	430475292	zeroT6PTAEjipvZuACTh1mbGCqTHgA6i1ped9DcuidX (America/Chicago)	HarmonicFrankendancer	430475293	zeroT6PTAEjipvZuACTh1mbGCqTHgA6i1ped9DcuidX (America/Chicago)	HarmonicFrankendancer	128	5198	9000	1000	6198

Sender ACK diagnostics

ACK confirms that the relay accepted or rejected the request. It is useful for route availability and gateway health debugging, but it is not landing proof and is not used as a performance target.

Provider	Policy	Routes	Count	Accepted	Errors	p50 ms	p90 ms	p99 ms	max ms
`rpcedge-quic-frankfurt`	`always_race`	`tpu_quic,jito_bundle,harmonic_bundle`	2197	2197	0	219.759	220.080	220.787	642.485